American Sign Language Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Sign Language - Assignment Example To signify the distinction, various spellings are utilized. For example, the term hard of hearing (lower case) is utilized for the most part to the state of not having the option to perceive sound while Deaf (capitalized) is utilized to distinguish a specific gathering of individuals who share a typical language and culture. Like most networks, values, examples of convictions, social traditions and information that speak to attributes of a network characterize culture. Furthermore, there have been endeavors to join together and to unite hard of hearing individuals. In 1834, the primary conventional gathering was held and was known as Parisian feast. Additionally, the primary worldwide social event was held in 1889 in Paris. These exercises prompted the arrangement of affiliations and clubs. A portion of the clubs framed, remember the National Association for the Deaf for the United States just as the World Federal for the Deaf. In any case, explore shows that the numbers have been de clining, perhaps because of class-related issues. Padden further says that families ought to know about the nearby culture of Deaf individuals and in particular, help their youngsters to take an interest in occasions for the hard of hearing (Padden, and Humphries, 1999). The improvement of semantic and intellectual of hard of hearing kids raises worries of bilingual language obtaining. Padden talks about the bilingual worldview where hard of hearing kids are viewed as a component of an etymological minority as they secure language. What's more, for multilingualism youngsters, they should figure out how to utilize every language and how to switch between the dialects successfully. Moreover, for the individuals who utilize gesture based communication as a first language and who accept they have a place with a semantic minority, to them gesture based communication means bunch participation. The utilization gesture based communication is a type of communicating esteems and convictions that are conveyed across ages. Along these lines, communication through signing speaks to a legacy that is normal and a

Compare and contrast mesopotamia and egypt Essay

Both Mesopotamia and Egypt have diverse all inclusive perspectives, which at that point influenced their way of life. The Tigris and Euphrates waterways of Mesopotamia have capricious flood designs. This influenced their perspective on the universe in light of the fact that the powerlessness to get ready for floods drives the Mesopotamians to accept that the world was cruel and unforgiving. Interestingly, the anticipated, fortunate surges of the Egyptian Nile prompted a trust in extraordinary forces. These perfect inverse perspectives additionally were seen in and influenced the strict assessments of existence in the wake of death. Because of the records Gilgamesh, a legend in an Egyptian epic, existence in the wake of death is found in a threatening light, while Mesopotamians anticipated it. An immense division in these Middle Eastern civilization’s societies were the arrangement of urbanization, and class frameworks. In Mesopotamia, an organized 3-section class framework was created, alongside Hammurabi’s Law Code. The top class included land claiming guys and craftsmans, just as royals and warriors. The white collar class contained ward individuals connected to land, and at the base was slaves utilized for residential work. Additionally the opportunities and a few privileges of ladies were lost around the subsequent thousand years. In Egypt, there too were classes, yet they weren’t as authorized and organized. Lady were held at a better quality here in light of the fact that they weren’t confined during the time spent urbanization and class structure, similar to they were in Mesopotamia. Monetarily, the two areas took an interest in exchange that was under state control, and their monetary development was identified with trade. Despite the fact that, Mesopotamia depended entirely on imports, while Egypt had an import send out framework inside its area along the Nile. Mesopotamia was exceptionally poor in assets. Conversely, Egypt was blessed by the gods with assets, yet rehearsed noninterference, which made worldwide monetary exchange through business unimaginable. <p

Medical Causes of a Sense of Impending Doom

Medical Causes of a Sense of Impending Doom Emotions Print Is a Sense of Impending Doom a Real Symptom? By Lynne Eldridge, MD  Lynne Eldrige, MD, is a lung cancer physician, patient advocate, and award-winning author of Avoiding Cancer One Day at a Time. Learn about our editorial policy Lynne Eldridge, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 26, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Psychology Emotions Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is a Sense of Impending Doom? Symptom vs. Saying History of Medical Significance Medical and Psychological Causes Symptoms Physiological Mechanisms Research Studies When to Call Your Doctor View All Back To Top You may have heard people speak of a sense of impending doom in a number of ways, but the truth is that this feeling can be a real medical symptom. What medical conditions may cause this symptom, and what mechanisms might explain why it occurs? Should you pay attention to this feeling if you experience it yourself? Verywell / Cindy Chung What Is a Sense of Impending Doom? Before going into the possible medical or psychological causes of a sense of impending doom, its important to briefly define and describe this symptom. A sense of impending doom is a feeling of knowing that something life-threatening or tragic is about to occur. Certainly being in the midst of a life-threatening crisis may lead people to feel they may die??, but this symptom may actually precede other obviously critical symptoms. For example, for some people who have had serious allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), or who have developed Irukandji syndrome, (collection of symptoms that appear in response to a sting from Carukia barnesi, a type of jellyfish sting) the feeling of impending doom?? may occur before other serious symptoms which would make a person believe death is imminent. There are several words and phrases people may use in addition to a sense of doom that describe this symptom. These include: Knowing that something really bad is happeningFeeling like they cant sit stillFeeling uncertain (to an extreme)Feeling that something unusual is happeningFeeling they are unable to settle downUrgencyA desire to seek immediate medical care even though other symptoms dont seem to warrant itFeeling anxiousFeeling discouragedFeeling a premonition Symptom vs. Saying One of the difficulties in looking at the sense of impending doom is that this phrase is used in many different ways. It may be used literally to describe a feeling that something very bad is about to happen to you personally. In this way, the phrase would be considered a symptom.?? It may also be used to describe your opinion about what is happening in the world in some way. In this case, the phrase might be used as a prediction. At other times the phrase may simply be used as a figure of speech.?? For example, a man may remark that he thought he was going to die when his boss stood to discuss company dress code having forgotten to zip his fly. When the man, as an employee, remarks on the irony of this to his boss, he may have a metaphorical sense of impending doom about the future of his employment. History of Medical Significance While most emergency medicine physicians, critical care physicians, and paramedics will tell you that a feeling of impending doom should be taken very seriously, the understanding that a sense of impending doom is a legitimate medical symptom came about long before scientific Western medicine took hold of the developed world. This symptom has been reported as having had medical significance all the way back in ancient Greek and Roman literature.?? A sense of impending doom was feared in the 1400s and 1500s as a symptom which foreshadowed other symptoms related to the deadly plague (at that time referred to as sweating sickness). Today, in the 21st century, the complaint of a sense of impending doom can be met with the same concern in the eyes of the person experiencing the symptom as well as those of the healthcare professionals faced with the confession of the feeling by their patients. Medical and Psychological Causes There are surprisingly few direct medical studies looking at a sense of impending doom as a symptom, given the frequency with which this symptom appears in the lists of differential diagnoses in medical textbooks or on hospital rounds. Some conditions in which a sense of impending doom is listed as a symptom include: Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reactions)??Exposure to toxins and poisonings: This includes, in particular, the jellyfish stings noted earlier and cyanide poisoning, in which a sense of impending doom is often the first symptom.Pulmonary emboli: Pulmonary emboli are clots that travel to the lungs after breaking off in the legs (deep venous thrombosis). Other symptoms often include the sudden onset of sharp chest pain which increases with a deep breath and may rapidly progress to lightheadedness and unconsciousness.Heart attacks??Pheochromocytoma (a type of adrenal gland tumor): These tumors often cause a massive release of catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine. These chemicals, in turn, can cause a sudden increase in blood pressure, a rapid heart rate, sweating, and possibly a sense of impending doom.??Blood transfusion reactions: Blood transfusion may lead to allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) with hemolysis (breakdown) of the tran sfused red blood cells. Symptoms of anxiety and impending doom may occur before other symptoms such as shortness of breath, palpitations, and a fall in blood pressure.Seizures, or as part of an epileptic aura??Non-epileptic psychogenic seizuresIntraoperative awareness (where people wake up during surgery)?? is also called anesthesia awareness or unintended awareness.DepressionAnxiety disorders such as panic disorder (during panic attacks), generalized anxiety disorder??, post-traumatic stress disorder, and more.Bipolar disorder In many cases, the sense of impending doom occurs before the symptoms that would indicate a true medical emergency is present. Symptoms A sense of impending doom may occur alone (as it did prior to other symptoms with the plague in the middle ages) or along with other symptoms. Some of these symptoms (depending on the underlying cause) may include: SweatingHot flashes??Tremors and shakingShortness of breath??Heart palpitations (heart arrhythmias)Depersonalization (a sense of being detached from yourself)?? Physiological Mechanisms There are a number of physiological explanations that may help to explain the sense of impending doom and how this feeling arises. A release of catecholamines may occur as a primary factor (such as in pheochromocytoma)??, in response to the body recognizing a medical emergency (such as with a heart attack or pulmonary embolism), or in response to psychological stress (panic) as part of the fight or flight response to stress. A nervous system component could very well underlie this symptom in some cases.?? A sense of impending doom has been noted in many people with temporal lobe epilepsy and may also occur as part of an  epileptic aura (focal aware seizures). Certainly, the symptoms of a heart attack or another life-threatening condition may cause a sense of impending doom in a conscious rather than unconscious manner??, as you recognize symptoms (such as a sudden severe drop in blood pressure and major chest pain) that are often associated with death. It is not so surprising that people may have a sense of impending doom when faced with a life-threatening medical condition, even without conscious thought. We know that our bodies respond in many ways to stress without conscious deliberation. There are changes which precede seizures that dogs can sometimes recognize before people (and are the reason behind seizure alert service dogs). Another concept somewhat akin to the sense of impending doom that is similarly not well understood is near death awareness. In near-death awareness, a person who appears unchanged to you may suddenly remark that they are going to dieâ€"and then die. Research Studies Surprisingly, there are few studies directly looking at the importance of a sense of impending doom as a symptom of various medical conditions, despite the fact that this symptom is mentioned fairly often in the lists of symptoms in medical literature. A 2012 study looking at people who developed cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition in which blood accumulates between the membranes lining the heart (restricting the ability of the heart to contract), found that almost 90 percent of people experienced a dysphoric mood.?? Many of them stated that they knew that a bad thing was happening. Most studies have looked at this symptom only indirectly. For example, a  Chinese study found that emergency physicians were more likely to determine that a patient required emergency care for a cardiac condition if the patient complained of a sense of impending doom??, and in fact, this symptom carried more weight than other symptoms in making that decision. While studies such as this tell us that physicians are heeding and acting on this symptom, they dont really tell us the significance of the symptom. When to Call Your Doctor Unless you commonly have the feeling of impending doom as part of an anxiety disorder, it may be best to call 911 if you have an overwhelming sense of impending doom.?? Many people have stayed alive due to trusting their instinct and intuition. If you are uncertain, ask yourself, what is the worst thing that could happen? If your symptom means nothing, you may waste your day and the cost of an emergency room visit. Unlike modern video games, our bodys dont have a restart button if you choose to ignore a symptom that is signaling a life-threatening condition. A Word From Verywell While we dont really understand the significance of a sense of impending doom, we do recognize this feeling as being important medically at times. The mechanisms which could underly this symptom also support that impending doom is a legitimate medical symptom. Finally, the intuition of physicians spanning the years from ancient Greece to the 21st century tells us that a sense of impending doom deserves to be heeded, at least until we know more.

Amherst College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Amherst College is a private liberal arts college with an acceptance rate of 13%. Located in a small town in Western Massachusetts, Amherst stands at #1 or #2 in national rankings of  top liberal arts colleges and is one of the  most selective colleges  in the United States. Amherst has an open curriculum with no distribution requirements. For its strength in the liberal arts and sciences, the college earned membership in Phi Beta Kappa. Academics at Amherst are supported by a healthy 8-to-1 student/faculty ratio. Students can round out the Amherst course offerings with classes from the other schools in the  five-college consortium:  Mount Holyoke College,  Smith College,  Hampshire College, and the  University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Considering applying to this highly selective college? Here are the Amherst admissions statistics you should know. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Amherst had an acceptance rate of 13%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 13 students were admitted, making Amhersts admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 9,723 Percent Admitted 13% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 39% SAT Scores and Requirements Amherst College requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 47% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 660 750 Math 670 780 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Amhersts admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Amherst scored between 660 and 750, while 25% scored below 660 and 25% scored above 750. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 670 and 780, while 25% score below 670 and 25% scored above 780. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1530 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Amherst. Requirements Amherst does not require, but strongly recommends, the SAT writing section. Note that Amherst participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Amherst requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 54% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 32 35 Math 28 34 Composite 31 34 This admissions data tells us that most of Amhersts admitted students fall within the top 5% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Amherst received a composite ACT score between 31 and 34, while 25% scored above 34 and 25% scored below 31. Requirements While not required, Amherst strongly recommends the ACT writing section. Unlike many colleges, Amherst superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA Amherst College does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Amherst College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Amherst College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Amherst College has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Amherst has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A  strong application essay, Amherst writing supplement, and  glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. Applicants with special accomplishments in art, research, or athletics may submit optional additional information to Amherst. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside Amhersts average range. In the scattergram above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students, and you can see that most students who got into Amherst had averages of A- or higher, SAT scores (ERWM) above 1300, and ACT composite scores above 27. Your chances will be significantly higher with test scores above these lower ranges. Also notice that there is quite a bit of red (rejected students) among the green and blue. High test scores and grades are no guarantee of admission to this top-ranked liberal arts college. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Amherst College Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Effects of Climate Change on Right Whales - 1389 Words

The effect climate change has on the environment is astounding, especially the effects targeted at right whales living within the ocean. The preservation of right whales is threatened due to the rise in temperatures, salinity changes, and sea level rise. By researching the effects of climate change on these whales, three things can be identified: the decrease in food sources for whales as a result of climate change, the effect of climate change on whale migration patterns and reproduction, and the effects of temperature and salinity variation on their communication. Understanding the effects climate change has on right whales is extremely important because they are influential to scientific research and understanding the stability of the ocean. Without the presence of whales, the oceanic food chain will be destabilized, leading to various problems that affect the economy, science, and the ocean’s productivity. If life within the ocean becomes destabilized, certain species will die off, others will overpopulate, and ultimately, humans will suffer the consequences. Right whales feed off of one general food source – calanus finmarchicus or plankton (www.rightwhales.neaq.org). However, due to the temperature rises and higher carbon concentrations in the ocean as a result of climate change, plankton populations have been affected. Through conductive testes, it was discovered that increased levels of CO2 in the ocean have lowered hatch rates and embryonic development ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Seaworld And San Diego1215 Words   |  5 Pagesout its killer whale shows. This decision is what PETA and other oppositions of SeaWorld has been seeking, but there is no news of ending these shows at their Orlando and San Antonio locations. There is Federal legislation in the works to ban orca breeding, importing and exporting them for public display. This legislation is called the Orca Act and is still in its early stages of proposal. Passing of th e Orca Act would most likely be the only way Orlando would stop its killer whale shows. StakeholdersRead MoreGlobal Warming and Climate Change: Melting the Marine Life Essay668 Words   |  3 PagesPacific region since they are being less adaptable, yet that area is fished more. â€Å"Climate change: The effects on ocean animals† (400 words) Many other animals besides the coral trout are being affected my global warming. The â€Å"poster child† for it is the polar bear, and some others are sea turtles, right whales, penguins, and seals. The polar bear lives up in the Arctic region where global warming and climate change are melting the ice caps that the bears thrive on. They use the ice as a platformRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Change On Our Planet1172 Words   |  5 PagesClimate is the weather conditions over a long term. For millions of years, the earth kept changing between hot and cold, and wet and dry. As the earth warmed and cooled, plants and animals appeared and disappeared. People have had to change their way of life many times as plant and animal life changed. Since the industrial revolution, the humans built many factories and invented lots of electronic devices. They emit harmful gases called greenhouse gases like carbon dioxides and ozone, which affectsRead MoreThe Alarming and Troublesome Global Warming Issue 1407 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming has been one of the most challenging problems our society has encountered and people dont acknowledge that our climate change is becoming worse a s the time goes by. Climate change which is said to be the regular or ordinary weather in an environment consists of patterns like seasons and temperature. Climate patterns play such an important role in constructing an essential ecosystem, human economies and cultures that rely on them has raised the surface of the worlds oceans in recentRead MoreNoise Pollution Case Study Solution866 Words   |  4 Pages Noise Pollution Your Particular Case Study: http://e360.yale.edu/features/how_ocean_noise_pollution_wreaks_havoc_on_marine_life Table of Contents: Click here to jump to the right spot.î ¿ ¿ Research Notes Background on your topic: Your topic: Provide Solutions: Resources: Storyboard Rubricî ¿ ¾ Starting Point for Research Research Notes Background on your topic: Why is the ocean so important? (Food webs, oxygen producer, CO2 sink etc.) The ocean is important because it is a home to many different animalsRead MoreThe Sea Of The Mediterranean Sea1632 Words   |  7 Pagesto have hot, dry summers and wet winters except for the Southern regions considering they have desert-like climates. Early civilizations thought that the Mediterranean was the center of their region considering they had not traveled out of their boundaries yet, therefore giving its Latin name â€Å"mediterraneus†, meaning â€Å"middle of land.† Its combination of strong winds and an arid climate results in intense evaporation, causing a deficit of water in which nearly three million tons of water is evaporatedRead MoreNegative Impact of Whaling in Japan1125 Words   |  4 Pages Biodiversity often appears as an under the radar issue that is put on the backburner to other environmental problems such as: climate change, ocean acidification, or ozone depletion. When in reality, it should really be a frontrunner as it explicitly involves all living things that dwell within our shared biosphere. While the human population did not really start making waves to remedy the endangerment or extinction of plants and animals until the 1970s with laws that included, the Marine MammalRead MoreWhales and Interference654 Words   |  3 PagesEight out of 10 right whales bear the scars left behind by accidental encounters with fishing rope. These thick lines can wrap so tightly around the whales that they die from lacerations. (Ragen et. Al., 2005) Noise from numerous anthropogenic sources is both extensively and increasingly present within the marine surrounding. Human activities are leaving both deep and profound acoustic footmarks in the oceans of the world, and this is because of technological innovation and climate change. New and currentRead MoreAnimal Safety : Endangered Species1645 Words   |  7 Pageshorns in order for them to sell them in markets. So today tracking the rhino movements is necessary in order to help the program set up hotlines to help stop the poachers from approaching the rhinos. Many polar bears today are dying because of the climate change. Ice is beginning to melt and this equals a loss of sea ice for these animals to live in. WWF aims to preserve the rich biodiversity of polar bears in order to save them. The marine turtles are perhaps the most well know endangered species. ThisRead MoreOn April 29Th, Marking The First 100 Days Of The Trump803 Words   |  4 PagesOn April 29th, marking the first 100 days of the Trump administration, throngs will assemble in Washington, D.C. for the People s Climate Mobilization, a march to support action against climate change. Organizers say the number of participants could rival that of a similar 2014 event in New York City which drew 400,000 people. Activists in Massachusetts have already chartered dozens of buses to take demonstrators to D.C. I decided to join the march without a moment’s hesitation. Despite the prospect

Philosophy Paper Free Essays

In this paper, I will discuss euthanasia and demonstrate its immoral implications using J. Gay-Williams’ essay, â€Å"The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia†; more specifically his attempt to show the wrongfulness of euthanasia through an argument from nature. I believe that the argument is valid and presents a very good approach for those who are opposed to euthanasia. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Below is my effort to summarize this view by placing it in the standard argument format. Argument from Nature ) If there is a person in a situation, where a natural instinct compels them to take action, it is morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct. 2) In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patient’s natural instinct compels them to survive. 3) Therefore, in all euthanasia cases, it is morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patient’s natural instinct to survive. The argument above is derived from part one of Gay-Williams essay. He begins his discussion of the argument from nature by asserting that each person â€Å"has a natural inclination to continue living†. He displays this furthermore by explaining, that everything about the composition of a human organism has been designed to have a conditioned reaction that makes â€Å"the continuation of life a natural goal. † It is by this rationale he claims, â€Å"that euthanasia sets us against our own nature. † In order to further demonstrate the argument’s validity and good quality, I will explain how it follows all the rules of a good argument. The rules are as follows: 1) all the premises are reasonable 2) the conclusion follows 3) the argument does not beg the question. Premise one may be better explained in and of itself through an example having to do with a general, natural instinct. One example could be when someone is in a situation in which their family is put in harms way when an intruder with sinister motives enters their house. It is a natural reaction to protect that which belongs to you (in this situation your property-your â€Å"territory† and your blood- your family). To stand idly by and witness attacks upon your family and home, without in any way, making an effort to stop the attacks, would require an ntentional suppression of a natural instinct. Premise two becomes more specific by stating that in euthanasia cases throughout, a doctor is always in a situation in which their patient’s natural instincts compel them (for as we saw in the quotes from J. Gay-Williams, a human’s conditioned response in all situations-based on the make-up of the body-is to function in a way that would always enable (or lean towards) co ntinuity. ) to survive. The way to show that this argument follows rule number two is to reveal its logical pattern. ) If there is P (a person in a situation), where Q (a natural instinct compels them to take an action), it is R (morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct). 2) In all S (euthanasia cases), there is P (a doctor in a situation), where Q (their patient’s natural instinct compels them to survive). 3) Therefore, in all S (euthanasia cases), it is R (morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patient’s natural instinct to survive). I think that this argument is good. The way in which Gay-Williams went about presenting his case was commendable. He did make brief reference to there being a God, and that human beings are supposed to act as â€Å"trustee of his body†, and in taking a life or our own, humans are acting against him. However, it seemed as though he was keeping in mind that many people might not share the same beliefs as he, and therefore needed to have rational arguments against euthanasia which pertained in no way to faith or religion. This was the admirable thing, because it seems that many times religious people, although trying to argue an important idea, seem to have no rational approach and end up â€Å"Bible-thumping†, and coming across as ignorant. One objection someone might have to this argument would be to premise two. Someone might say that the premise is generalizing when it says â€Å"all euthanasia cases†, because in certain cases of euthanasia a person might not be being kept alive through natural means any longer (such as: artificial life support); therefore, it can’t be said that the person’s natural instinct is to survive because without life support the person would have already died thus following the natural instinct towards death. My response to this objection would be the following: in my interpretation of J. Gay-Williams argument from nature, I used â€Å"In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patient’s natural instinct compels them to survive. † As my second premise. And I must admit, that with this as the second premise, the argument is flawed as the objector revealed. However, if I were to make the second premise not end with â€Å"natural instinct compels them to survive† and rather put â€Å"natural instinct compels them† then it wouldn’t be a flawed argument. This is because it would merely be adding a twist on the argument, which Gay-Williams did not come right out and say, but it is implied. This twist that is implied is that it is morally wrong to go against any natural human instinct, and this includes the natural instinct of dying. Maybe then, the problem of removing someone or not removing someone from life support would no longer be the problem, due to the fact that artificial life support is preventing some people from allowing their bodies to follow the natural instinct to die. Now of course this seems a bit morbid, and I’m not at all suggesting that modern technology and what it can do to save lives is morally wrong, I’m simply showing what other routes this argument from nature implies. How to cite Philosophy Paper, Papers Philosophy Paper Free Essays While I have not personally experienced being in a position to choose between life and death, I have always been curious as to how such a decision could be made with complete consideration of ethical principles. I am particularly interested in the fact that the law recognizes the right of a patient to refuse medical treatment. This right includes the refusal of life-saving treatment, which could lead to death. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The expression of a patient’s refusal could be made either before the administration of the treatment or at a prior and advanced time, well ahead of future incompetence (Michalowski). The recognition by the law of the patient’s right is so strong and resolute, such that the disregard of the patient’s wishes through the administration of medical treatment despite his refusal would amount to battery (Michalowski). However, despite the legal principles allowing, in certain circumstances, the decision to curtail a life or to halt the provision of life support systems, the question in my mind remains. Does a decision to continue or discontinue a life violative of an ethical principle? If so, I wonder up to what extent a decision to curtail or prolong one’s life would the action still be considered ethical. A patient is a person who has the right to decide everything that has to do with his own life. A popular position on this quandary is that together with this person’s right comes the responsibility to act responsibly. Before a patient’s refusal of medical treatment, it must be ensured that he is competent to make such an important decision. It must be ensured that he is apprised of all the facts necessary for him to make an intelligent decision. Thus, the patient must be told about the â€Å"nature and purpose of the procedure. † When making the decision, the patient must not be influenced by external factors. Finally, it must be made clear that the decision would apply to future circumstances (Michalowski, 2005). However, learning and understanding utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by popular philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, I could not help but apply the theory in the situation described above. According to these philosophers, moral value of human actions should depend on the effect of such action on people (West). Thus, they did not believe that other factors, such as motive or will, have anything to do with morality (West). Indeed, utilitarianism has captured the interest of many people because it is often used to justify the morality of certain human actions, based on practical considerations. Following Bentham’s philosophy, the quandary could be resolved by taking into account the things that possibly motivate a man in his actions. Bentham and Mill worked on the assumption that only two possible things could motivate man (Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy). These are pleasure and pain. Man naturally desires happiness, but wants to avoid pain (West). The two utilitarian philosophers likewise believed that man only has one end, and such end is happiness, which is brought about by pleasure (Bentham; West). Thus, they formulated a thesis that holds that human action would be considered morally right or wrong, depending on whether it tends to promote happiness for the greatest number of people to promote happiness for the greatest number of people (Bentham). If so, such act would be morally right. Following Bentham’s rationalizations of his notion of utilitarianism, the dilemma could be analyzed following four points. First, it should be recognized that pain and pleasure play a fundamental role in human life (Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy). Thus, in the given scenario, both pain and pleasure would play out in varying degrees among the people involved, such as the patient, his friends and his family. Thereafter, it should be considered how human action gets the approval or disapproval of society. According to Bentham, such judgment by society is based on the action’s consequences (Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy). Thus, in application, the act of prolonging life support could affect society’s approval or non-approval depending on the consequences evoked by such an act, such as prolonged life or otherwise. The next consideration would involve the fact that pleasure is equated with good while pain is equated with evil (Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy). Finally, for utilitarian philosophers like Bentham, pleasure and pain could be measured through â€Å"quantification (Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy). † Thus, in the given scenario, I could rule on the morality of an act depending on certain criteria of evaluating pain or pleasure, such as the effected the consequences of the act of removing life support vis-a-vis the act of letting it continue. Thus, while other philosophies might accept the act of curtailing a person’s life based solely on the principle of patient autonomy, utilitarianism would not readily acquiesce in such a decision. Considerations based on the pain or pleasure it would impose on various interested stakeholders would have to be made. Only the solution that could offer the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people would be recognized by utilitarianism as the ethical course of action. Works Cited Bentham, Jeremy. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London: Wilson Pickering, 1823. Michalowski, S. â€Å"Advance Refusals of Life-Sustaining Medical Treatment: The Relativity of an Absolute Right†. The Modern Law Review Limited 68. 6 (2005): 958-982. Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy. â€Å"Utilitarianism. † 2002. 19 Nov. 2008. http://caae. phil. cmu. edu/Cavalier/80130/part2/sect9. html. West, H. R. â€Å"Utilitarianism. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. 20 Nov. 2008. http://www. utilitarianism. com/utilitarianism. html. How to cite Philosophy Paper, Papers

Mr. L.S Dlamini free essay sample

Guide to ‘operation in action’, examples, short cases and case studies Guided tour of the book Guided tour of online resources Preface How to use this book About the authors Acknowledgements Part One: 1. INTRODUCTION Operations management †¢ Introduction †¢ What is operations management? †¢ Operations management is about managing processes †¢ Operations processes have different characteristics †¢ The activities of operations management †¢ The model of operations management †¢ Operations management is important †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Design house partnerships at Concept Design Services †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 2. The strategic role and objectives of operations †¢ Introduction †¢ The role of the operations function †¢ Operations performance objectives †¢ The quality objective †¢ The speed objective †¢ The dependability objective †¢ The flexibility objective †¢ The cost objective †¢ The polar representation of performance objectives †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Operations objectives at the PenangMutiara †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. L.S Dlamini or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Operations strategy †¢ Introduction †¢ What is strategy and what is operations strategy? †¢ The ‘top-down’ perspective †¢ The ‘bottom-up’ perspective †¢ The market requirements perspective †¢ The operations resource perspective †¢ The process of operations strategy †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Long Ridge Gliding Club †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites Part Two: 4. DESIGN Process design †¢ Introduction †¢ The design activity †¢ Process types the volume–variety effect on process design †¢ Detailed processes design †¢ The effect of process variability †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: The Central Evaluation Unit. †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 5. The design of products and services †¢ Introduction †¢ Why is good design important? †¢ Concept generation †¢ Concept screening †¢ Preliminary design †¢ Design evaluation and improvement †¢ Prototyping and final design †¢ The benefits of interactive design †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Chatsworth House The Adventure Playground Decision †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 6. Supply network design †¢ Introduction †¢ The network perspective †¢ Configuring the network supply †¢ The location of capacity †¢ Long-term capacity management †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Delta Synthetic Fibres †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites Supplement to Chapter 6 – Forecasting †¢ Introduction †¢ Forecasting – knowing the options †¢ In essence forecasting is simple †¢ Approaches to forecasting 7. Layout and flow †¢ Introduction †¢ What is layout? †¢ The basic layout types †¢ Detailed design of the layout †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Weldon Hand Tools †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 8. Process technology †¢ Introduction †¢ What is process technology? †¢ Materials-processing technology †¢ Information-processing technology †¢ Customer-processing technology †¢ Process technology should reflect volume and variety †¢ Choice of technology †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Rochem Ltd †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 9. Job design and work organization †¢ Introduction †¢ What is job design? †¢ Designing environmental conditions – ergonomics †¢ Designing the human interface – ergonomic workplace design †¢ Designing task allocation – the division of labour †¢ Designing job methods – scientific management †¢ Work measurement in job design †¢ Designing for job commitment – behavioural approaches to job design †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: South West Cross Bank †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites Part Three: 10. PLANNING AND CONTROL The nature of planning and control †¢ Introduction †¢ What is planning and control? †¢ The nature of supply and demand †¢ Planning and control activities †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Air traffic control †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 11. Capacity planning and control †¢ Introduction †¢ What is capacity? †¢ Planning and controlling capacity †¢ Measuring demand and capacity †¢ The alternative capacity plans †¢ Choosing a capacity planning and control approach †¢ Capacity planning as a queuing problem †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Holly Farm †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites Supplement to Chapter 11: Analytical queuing models †¢ Notation †¢ Variability †¢ Types of queuing system 12. Inventory planning and control †¢ Introduction †¢ What is inventory? †¢ The volume decision – how much to order? †¢ The volume decision – when to place an order? †¢ Inventory analysis and control systems †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Trans-European Plastics †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities 13. Supply chain management †¢ Introduction †¢ What is supply chain management? †¢ The activities of supply chain management †¢ Types of relationships in supply chains †¢ Supply chain behaviour †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Supplying Fast Fashion †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 14. Enterpriseresource planning (ERP) †¢ Introduction †¢ What is ERP? †¢ Materials requirement planning (MRP) †¢ Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) †¢ Enterpriseresource planning (ERP) †¢ Web-integrated ERP †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Psycho Sports Ltd †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 15. Lean operations and JIT †¢ Introduction †¢ What is lean and just-in-time? †¢ The lean philosophy †¢ JIT techniques †¢ JIT planning and control †¢ JIT in service operations †¢ JIT and MRP †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Boys and Boden (BB) †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 16. Project planning and control †¢ Introduction †¢ What is a project? †¢ Successful project management †¢ The project planning and control process †¢ Network planning †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: United Photonics MalaysiaSdn Bhd †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 17. Quality planning and control †¢ Introduction †¢ What is quality and why is it so important? †¢ Conformance to specification †¢ Statistical process control (SPC) †¢ Process control, learning and knowledge †¢ Acceptance sampling †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: Turnround at the Prestonplant †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites Part Four: 18. IMPROVEMENT Operations improvement †¢ Introduction †¢ Measuring and improving performance †¢ Improvement priorities †¢ Approaches to improvement †¢ The techniques of improvement †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: GenevaConstruction and Risk †¢ Appendix: Extract from ‘What is Six Sigma and how might it be applied in GCR? ’ †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 19. Failure prevention and recovery †¢ Introduction †¢ Operations failure †¢ Failure detection and analysis †¢ Improving process reliability †¢ Recovery †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: The Chernobylfailure †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites 20. Total quality management †¢ Introduction †¢ TQM and the management of improvement †¢ What is TQM? †¢ Implementing TQM improvement programmes †¢ Quality awards †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: The Waterlander Hotel †¢ Problems †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites Part Five: 21. THE OPERATIONS CHALLENGE The operations challenge †¢ Introduction †¢ Why challenges? †¢ Globalization †¢ Corporate social responsibility †¢ Environmental responsibility †¢ Technology †¢ Knowledge management †¢ Summary answers to key questions †¢ Case study: CSR as it is presented †¢ Study activities †¢ Notes on chapter †¢ Selected further reading †¢ Useful websites Glossary Index

Free Essays on Night

The author purpose of the book was to tell his life experiences with the holocaust, and a terrifying account of the nazi death camps. The book led into how the nazi’s fed the Jews little or no food how if they were not doing their job they’ll get struck down. Families were separated at the concentration camp in Auschwitz the women were killed in the informatory where you go in and never come out. The category of nonfiction is drama because of the struggles of what happened to this boy losing his mom dad and his sister. The author has organized this perfectly the book started when his family was living in the town of sighet until the they were called all the Jews were going to the concentration camp. The structure of the story fit the story people wish they were somewhere else, some wanted to die, people waited for the U.S. army to come and defeat the Ss and free them from the concentration camp. The information the author convey that would be relevant to me and my peers kids don’t want their parents to give up something positive the dad was sick and couldn’t go on like people can’t go if they have cancer. The concentration camps made people weak and go into deep depression. It just like when my peers lose a close family member you maybe wanted to tell that someone something before he or she died and that would be relevant to us like it was in the book. The effectiveness of the nonfiction text is that the vocabulary was excellent, the structure of the text had the pyramid told the plot, the high point in the story and then the resolution. The accuracy of the information was good enough they told specific dates and told when the Jewish new year came and Christmas. Jews were set on fire, beaten, hang, and frozen to death. Like the many Jews told when the war was over.... Free Essays on Night Free Essays on Night Shame The novel Night, by Elie Wiesel has many tragedies and losses suffered by the prisoners in concentration camps. One major loss was the deterioration of father-son relationships. Due to the inhumane conditions in the concentration camps, it is every man for himself and family ties no longer matter. Therefore, one must abandon his father or his son in order to survive. In the novel, Elie sometimes thinks of how his weak father is such a burden and how it would be a relief for own father to just die. More so, there are other incidents where father-son relationships are deteriorated. To begin, in the episode where the S.S soldiers throw bread into the train, the prisoners are so focused on getting the food, that even their closest relations aren’t in their minds. "Wild beasts of prey, with animal hatred in their eyes; an extraordinary vitality had seized them, sharpening their teeth and nails", shows how the prisoners have become predatory animals. After being starved for ten days, the prisoners are willing to kill each other for bread. In this scene, a young man fights his own father for a piece of bread and eventually, they kill each other off. For they are no longer living in a world of social responsibility and morality, it makes sense for them to behave like animals. The Nazis have created this inhumane environment, and the prisoners have no choice but to take on their ways for survival. Moreover, at one point in the novel, Elie, his father, and the rest of the prisoners were to transfer to another camp named Gleiwits; they were forced to run around forty miles in painfully cold weather, with stragglers shot. A scene that secured itself in Elie's memory is that of Rabbi Eliahou: â€Å"his son had seen him losing ground, limping, staggering back to the rear of the column. He had seen him. And his had continued to run on in front, letting the distance between them grow greater†. In this heartbreaking scene, Rabbi Eliahou’... Free Essays on Night In Night, Elie Wiesel brings to life his abhorrent account as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp in World War II. The experiences he describes are horrifying, but true. The book was well written and had excellent historical detail. Because of this, I found book was difficult to put down. The book begins during World War II in Transylvania, where the Wiesel family lived a pleasant life. One day in nineteen-forty-two the Germans invaded their city and expelled all Jews, including the Wiesel family. Eliezer and his father were separated from his mother and sisters. He and his father were sent to work in Nazi concentration camps until the end of the War. He found that life in these camps was difficult. He had to work all day just to get small portions of food. If he did not work he would be shot or burned in a furnace. The main character in this story is the author, Eliezer Wiesel. Elie was a fifteen year-old boy at the time. He frequently questioned why God would punish the ! Jews in this way, but never received an answer. In the concentration camps, Eliezer worked hard and tried to do the best he could so he would not be killed. Sometimes he and his work group were directed to travel to different camps because the Russians were closing in on the Germans. During these movements they would march and sometimes even run to these far away camps. Whoever could not keep up would be shot. Eliezer's ordeal ended with the liberation of his camp by the Americans in nineteen-forty-five. At the time of the liberation he was the lone survivor of his family. Like thousands of others, his mother, father, and sisters were victimized by the cruel Nazi policy. As a teenager living in Sault Ste. Marie, MI., it is difficult for me to imagine living in a concentration camp like Eliezer Wiesel. I can understand why he would question his faith in God. It is important for young people to learn about the cruelty that was inflicted against the Jewish people d... Free Essays on Night The author purpose of the book was to tell his life experiences with the holocaust, and a terrifying account of the nazi death camps. The book led into how the nazi’s fed the Jews little or no food how if they were not doing their job they’ll get struck down. Families were separated at the concentration camp in Auschwitz the women were killed in the informatory where you go in and never come out. The category of nonfiction is drama because of the struggles of what happened to this boy losing his mom dad and his sister. The author has organized this perfectly the book started when his family was living in the town of sighet until the they were called all the Jews were going to the concentration camp. The structure of the story fit the story people wish they were somewhere else, some wanted to die, people waited for the U.S. army to come and defeat the Ss and free them from the concentration camp. The information the author convey that would be relevant to me and my peers kids don’t want their parents to give up something positive the dad was sick and couldn’t go on like people can’t go if they have cancer. The concentration camps made people weak and go into deep depression. It just like when my peers lose a close family member you maybe wanted to tell that someone something before he or she died and that would be relevant to us like it was in the book. The effectiveness of the nonfiction text is that the vocabulary was excellent, the structure of the text had the pyramid told the plot, the high point in the story and then the resolution. The accuracy of the information was good enough they told specific dates and told when the Jewish new year came and Christmas. Jews were set on fire, beaten, hang, and frozen to death. Like the many Jews told when the war was over.... Free Essays on Night Night (A Book Report) "For more than half an hour he stayed there, struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony under our eyes. And we had to look him full in the face. He was still alive when I passed in front of him. His tongue was still red, his eyes were not yet glazed. Behind me I heard [a] man asking: Where is God now?" The suffering of this child being hanged is comparable to the suffering endured by many Jews during the holocaust. This quotation is found in just one of many heart wrenching scenes found in Night, a biography of the holocaust survivor, Elie Wiesel. Wiesel stayed quiet about the holocaust for ten years and his reasoning for this was, "I didn't want to use the wrong words. I was afraid the words might betray it." This also may account for the fact that some of the sentences found in Night are very wordy and often are overwhelming to the reader because of the amount of significance found in each. This flaw, though, is very forgivable under the circumstances. Besides for the brilliant descriptions found in Night and the feeling that you were walking in Elie's shoes, if he literally had any, Night opens the readers mind to the atrocities of the holocaust and concentration camps. We take for granted, today, our knowledge of knowing how many Jews were killed by the Nazi's and having a general idea of the kind of life people led in the concentration camps. People never really stop to think about what it must have felt like not knowing what was going on or what was going to happen next. Wiesel illustrates this very clearly at the beginning of his autobiography. He shows the reaction of the townspeople when they first heard of Hitler and German troops and the optimistic approach they ecided to take on life. This technique of taking the reader to life before the ghettos and the concentration camps is very interesting and unique. Before reaching a... Free Essays on Night Night: Critical Analysis Essay on Elie’s Relationship with his Father The Book Night begins in a small town, Sighet, in Transylvania. The narrator/author of the book is Elie Wiesel. Elie is a child and a fairly devout Orthodox Jew during the time of World War 2. Night occurs in the 1940s when Hitler has begun to invade Hungry and slowly takes over Sighet and deports Elie and his family. Elie and his father have a very strong relationship in the beginning and throughout the book, although this relationship does transform as the two go through more and more. Towards the end of the book Elie begins to feel that his father is a burden and consequently feel’s guilt because of this. In the beginning of the book Elie looks up to his father because his father is a respected member of the Jewish community in Sighet. His father was not in favor of Elie’s decision to study mysticism and therefore refused to be his mentor. As his father said, â€Å"Your to young for that. Maimonides said it was only at thirty that one had the right to venture into the perilous world of mysticism. You must first study the basic subjects within your understanding (1-2).† His father was not sentimental, ever as the book states. This tells us that Elie and his father at this point had a relationship based on respect as so many Orthodox Jewish families had between fathers and sons. When the two arrive at the camp there is a change in the way that Elie and his father relate. His father said that he would have rather Elie to go with his mother rather than have to see what they were going to do to Elie. Then his father began to weep. This was probably one of if not the only time that Elie ever saw his father cry. In this part of the book Elie begins to feel his father’s love for him and his father begins to show emotion toward him. Elie and his father become more like a father and son with more based on love and emotion than respect and obedience. As the bo...

How to Use a My Service Canada Account

How to Use a My Service Canada Account The My Service Canada Account (MSCA) is available from Service Canada, the federal department charged with delivering a wide variety of government services. The account provides secure online access to view and update your personal information on Employment Insurance (EI), the Canada Pension Plan (CPP), and Old Age Security (OAS). How to Obtain an Access Code Before you can register for a My Service Canada Account, you need an access code- either an EI access code if you are applying for EI benefits or a Personal Access Code, which you must request. The four-digit EI Access Code is printed in the shaded area on the benefit statement mailed to you after you apply for Employment Insurance. To request a seven-digit Personal Access Code (PAC), read the information on the Request a Personal Access Code page. Read and print the Privacy Notice Statement for your records. Select continue, provide the following information, and submit your: Social Insurance NumberFirst nameLast nameDate of birthMothers maiden namePostal code and address information It will take five  to 10 days to receive your PAC by mail. Once you have an access code, you can register for a My Service Canada Account online. How to Register and Log In At the MSCA website, you can choose between logging in with CGKey using a Government of Canada User ID and password or using credentials you may already have with a Sign-In Partner, such as those you use for online banking. When you use a Sign-In Partner, Service Canada will not share personal information with the partner about the government services you access and the partner will not provide personal information it holds to Service Canada during the login process. Service Canada will not know which partner you are using. If you are a first-time user, follow the registration instructions to complete the sign-up process before logging in. GCKey Registration First, read and accept the terms and conditions. Be prepared to: Create a User IDCreate recovery questions, answers, and hintsCreate and confirm a password Sign-In Partner Registration Read and agree to the terms and conditionsSelect a Sign-In Partner Employment Insurance (EI) Once you are logged in, you can use the My Service Canada Account tool to view your electronic Records of Employment (ROEs) and information on your EI claim, including your weekly benefit rate, the start and end date of your claim, the start and end of your waiting period, your allowable earnings, the number of weeks you will be entitled to receive EI benefits, the number of weeks of EI benefits you have already received, payment dates, and details about payment deductions. This account tool also allows you to: View information on past EI claimsSubmit an Absence From Canada formSubmit a Course or Training formPrint your T4E tax slip for EI benefits to use when filing your income tax returnStart or stop the mailing of your T4E tax slipsRegister to pay EI premiums on your self-employment incomeChange your address or telephone informationSign up for direct deposit or change your banking information Canada Pension Plan (CPP) The My Service Account allows you to view information about your Canada Pension Plan (CPP) benefits and view and print your CPP Statement of Contributions. You can also use this tool to: Get an estimate of your CPP retirement benefitsPrint your T4A(P) tax slip for CPP benefits to use when you file your income taxesStart or stop the mailing of your T4A(P) tax slipsChange your address or telephone information (some exceptions apply)Sign up for direct deposit or change your banking information Old Age Security (OAS) Information on Old Age Security (OAS) benefits is also available in the My Service Account. The details of your benefits- including payment dates and monthly amounts- is found here. The tool also allows you to: Print your T4A (OAS) tax slip for OAS income for your income tax returnChange your address or telephone information (some exceptions apply)Sign up for direct deposit or change your banking information Questions and Assistance If you have difficulty using the My Service Canada Account tool, visit the nearest Service Canada Office. Experienced government personnel will be available to answer questions and provide assistance.

Analyzing argement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing argement - Essay Example In â€Å"Execution,† Anna Quindlen argues that death penalty is wrong because it does not achieve its desired ends. She stresses that it cannot provide sufficient justice for victims and their families and it does not make any moral sense. These authors have similarities in the use of personal ideas and anecdotal and hypothetical evidence as evidence, logos through inductive reasoning and agreement on death penalty’s goals, and pathos through an empathic writing style that appeals to justice, although they differ in writing style, audience, and attitude toward death penalty. Quindlen is more persuasive than Mencken because her ironic tone emphatically argues that death penalty is wrong because it is simply morally insufficient as a form of retribution. These authors have similarities in the use of personal ideas and anecdotal and hypothetical evidence. Mencken talks about his personal ideas when attacking the opponents of death penalty. He argues from his personal viewpoint that crime deterrence is not the only goal of death penalty, and instead â€Å"katharsis† is â€Å"practically considered† and â€Å"more important† (1). By saying this, he shows that something more personal and emotional is behind the need for death penalty. Quindlen also offers her personal ideas on death penalty. She admits that her â€Å"guts† â€Å"govern† her ideas on death penalty, which is why she can be â€Å"hypocritical† about it (450.3). Like Mencken, Quindlen personalizes her attack on death penalty by asserting her personal feelings toward it. In addition, both authors use anecdotal evidence as proof for their arguments. For instance, Mencken says he has not heard any executioner who is complaining of his job and instead, he has â€Å"known many who delighted in their ancient art, and practiced it proudly† (1). By saying ancient art, he is underlining the proud tradition behind death penalty. Quindlen also uses anecdotal evidence when she says that the justice system is

The Hulk and The Incredible Hulk Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hulk and The Incredible Hulk - Movie Review Example The Hulk originated as a superhero in the Ultimate Marvels comic books and has since gained world recognition and gained celebrity status as a movie hero. There has been much discussion and comparisons made between the 2003 Hulk Movie and the 2008 movie The Incredible Hulk and this will be discussed in this essay. It puts a life history to the character; he was adopted after David Banner, his father, accidentally killed his mother after causing an explosion at his lab when the government closed it down due to discovering his dangerous experiments. Baby Bruce was adopted after his father became institutionalised in a mental hospital.The 2008 movie The Incredible Hulk was directed by Louis Leterrier and the Hulk/Dr Bruce Banner was played by Edward Norton. This movie was not to be viewed as a sequel to the 2003 film and also rebooted the history of the character (Lee, 2008). Edward Norton was the screenwriter who rewrote the first draft written by Zak Penn, and attempted to base the story more on the Marvel Comic strip and the TV series than the 2003 movie had been. In this movie the Hulk was developed as a military project, a super soldier as was the Hulks character in the Ultimate Marvels comic books.... The Los Angeles Time movie review called it 'Freud for Dummies' (Dargis, 2003). There are comparisons also to make regarding the profits of the two movies. The Incredible Hulk in the US grossed $134,533,885 at the box office in its first 2 months compared to $132.2 million for the 2003 movie so whilst it appears both films were as successful inflation also has to be taken into account [1]. The films both received mixed reviews and so The Incredible Hulk had to overcome the negativity that The Hulk had received and according to many critics did not succeed its predecessor. In The Incredible Hulk an experiment goes wrong with Dr Bruce Banner being left with gamma radiation poisoning. Banner had been led to believe by General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross that the purpose of the experiment was to make humans immune to gamma radiation poisoning and when the experiment fails Banners genes are mutated and he transforms into the Hulk. Like The Hulk film from 2003 the movie sees him avoiding capture by the military forces led by General 'Thunderbolt' Ross. Dr Banner seeks refuge in Brazil where he seeks to find a cure for his condition. Both films provide histories for the character and similarities do obviously occur, his love affair with Betty, and the centre of the story being the alter ego of Dr Bruce. The comparisons lye in the narration of how the Hulk developed into the alter ego of Dr Bruce Banner and the experiences he had. Bibliography [1] http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/id=incrediblehulk.htm Dargis, Manohla. "Hulk" puts a Freudian spin on the dualities of human nature, but this monster is a little too mild" New York Times (20th June 2003) 11th November 2008

Dwight D Eisenhower Essay -- essays research papers

Dwight’s Early Life Dwight D. Eisenhower was the third son of David and Ida Stover Eisenhower. He was born in 1890 in Denison, Texas, and named David Dwight Eisenhower, although he was known as Dwight David by many. In 1891, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, where Eisenhower was brought up. He was the third of seven sons. He and his older brothers were all called â€Å"Ike† by their family, Eisenhower was known as â€Å"Little Ike†. In his high school years, he was known to excel in sports due to his active nature. After he graduated, Eisenhower wanted to attend college, but his family could not afford the tuition. Dwight and his brother planned to switch off between work and college every year in order to pay for each other’s tuition and allow them to both complete their education. In 1910, Eisenhower found that he could get a free college education at United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. The prerequisite for obtaining such involved passing a difficult exam. W hile Eisenhower had no original plans to be a soldier, he still prepared well for the competitive West Point entrance exam and won an appointment to the school in 1911. The Coming of a Commander in Chief Unknown to him at the time, Eisenhower would later lead many military forces though the course of both world wars, winning decisive victories and helping push America forward even before his own presidency. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Eisenhower was promoted in the army and assigned to training duty for new cadets. He desperately wanted to see action during the war, and applied for an overseas assignment. His own skill would prevent him from participating in battle during that war. Higher officers saw the ability that he had as an organizer and trainer, and put him in command of Camp Colt at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, instead of granting his overseas request. One of the army’s first tank corps was being formed there, and Eisenhower trained the fighting unit. In the October of 1918 he finally got orders to take his units overseas, to France, but the war ended before he could leave America. Although disappointed at having missed combat, Eisenhower was reco gnized by his superiors for his efforts during the war. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal following the submission of German forces. After gaining much respect in the military field for his accompli... ...ho was true to his country, as there were few times in his life where he was not actively serving The United States. Helping our nation though two harsh wars as a trainer and commander, and attempting to tackle issues of great proportions during his presidency showed the strength, determination, and the great efforts put forth by this man to help shape the U.S. into the country that it is today. 1. Joann P. Krieg. Dwight D. Eisenhower Soldier, President, Statesman. Greenwood Press. Westport, Conn. 1987. 2. Clarefield, Gerard. Security with Solvency: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Shaping of the American Military Establishment. Westport, CT, Praeger, 1999. 3. Divine, Robert A. Eisenhower and the Cold War. New York, Oxford University Press, 1981. 4. Broadwater, Jeff. Eisenhower and the Anti-Communist Crusade. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1992. 5. (Document) Beasley, Charles A. Grant and Eisenhower: A Comparative Study of the Soldier Turned Political Leader. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 1991. 6. (Periodical) Barclay, C. N. Dwight David Eisenhower 1890-1969: A Tribute to the Supreme Allied Commander, 1942-45. Army Quarterly 98

To what extent can motivation be used as a leadership tool?

Abstract Numerous investigations have linked organizational success to effective leadership. The fact that leaders provide guidance as well as monitoring and evaluation of the staff in an organization they provide a link between the organization’s objectives and the needs of the staff. Good leadership should ensure both the organization and the staff are satisfied with the outcome of the processes and operations of the organization. This paper analysed the importance of using motivation and a leadership tool and its application in the military. Motivation is an important aspect of effective leadership since it not only guarantees performance within an organization but also ensures sustained effectiveness of the staff. The analysis of this factor as a leadership tool was conducted based on literature review of various sources that examine organizational motivation processes and practices that are applicable in military environment. The main theories of motivation identified to influence leadership with respect to military environment were Humanistic Theory of Motivation, Incentive theory, Drive theory, and Cognitive dissonance theory. Social incentives have been identified in the paper to play an important role in leadership success of a military organisation. This is mainly due to the fact that they develop the intrinsic motivation that makes the workers highly productive. Generally, social recognition, collaboration, talent retention and productivity and reinforcing the corporate culture are the social incentives that can be used to motivate military officers. More so, friendship at the workplace should be upheld as it fosters learning among the workers and it also makes it easy to identify small problems at the work place. The paper concludes by asserting that in the case of military training together in one country, the use of the stated motivation tools are bound to enhance the levels of leadership efficiency. As such, motivation should only be extended to social recognition, collaboration, talent retention and productivity and reinforcing the corporate culture. Introduction Leadership is not a captivating personality that results due to ability to charm and talk nicely. Neither is leadership defined by the ability to influence and make friends. These are empty qualities of leadership that can be viewed as flattery. Leadership is making an individual change his/her vision to hire levels, raising an individual’s performance, and building a unique personality that inspires the followers (Foti, 2007) this are very essential elements of effective leadership in military units. All these aspects of leadership revolve around motivation of the followers. Motivation is highly individualised and complex and can be achieved physically, psychologically, instinctively, and sometimes unconsciously (Eccles & Wigfield, 2002). In many organisations, motivation is an important factor that drives performance and innovations. It is commonly agreed that once an individual is motivated he/she becomes productive because work becomes passion. Therefore, motivation is th e intrinsic desire that drives an individual to give his/her best at work. The level of relatedness of leadership and motivation among the followers places motivational tools at a central position in achieving good leadership. The approach to leadership in the military is a complex amalgamation of directive, coaching and delegating leadership styles, where discipline is the universal rule (Horn & Walker, 2008). It is common knowledge that whenever an order has been given out, it is a must for the junior officer in that ranking to act immediately. The fact that discipline requires motivation in order to maintain it at highest standards; the military leadership are required to develop approaches that can ensure the officers are highly motivated. This paper intents to analyse the concept of motivation as a leadership tool and its application by the military to enhance leadership. Theories of Motivation Motivation is an important aspect in organizational leadership in that is used in ensuring the staff are mission driven (Eccles & Wigfield, 2002). Approaches used to realise motivation vary from one organisation to another depending on the nature and rules of the job. There are four common theories of motivation that have been used by many research studies into the issues revolving around staff and employee motivation. These include; Humanistic Theory of Motivation, Incentive theory, Drive theory, and Cognitive dissonance theory (Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999).Humanistic Theory of MotivationThis theory is rooted on the fact that most human beings are rational and anything done by anybody is driven by reason (Hoffmann, 2007). This type of motivation is realised either through a push and pull model or self control (Eccles & Wigfield, 2002). Push and pull is used to create external motivation while the self control is emotional intelligences that give an individual the will to perform a task without being rewarded. This theory is well illustrated by the famous Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs which has divided motivation into various levels with numerous reasons that promote the performance of the affected actions (Hoffmann, 2007). In a military environment, the soldiers can be motivated by providing the staff a reason to why they should be motivated to conduct the stated task.Incentive TheoryThis theory proposes that motivation and behaviour are influenced by beliefs or engagements that are profitable to the individual (Guay et al., 2010). This theory is based on reward system is the major focus of motivation because it is generally believed that by attaching a reward to an action, there is a likely chance that the same action will be repeated (Guay et al., 2010). However, since it is coined from the value of a reward, the time taken to give the reward is an important driver of the motivation. Additionally, continuous rewarding is a catalyst for a prolonged behaviour towards achieving the target. Conversely, the incentive theory focuses on the reinforcement principle as the fundamental mover of motivation because it determines the behaviour in the future. For example, if an individual is rewarded for an action, maintaining the same behaviour requires a pledge of another reward. This way, the promise is a positive reinforcement of the action. Contrastingly, if there is no clear plan for the next reward that person would not maintain the same behaviour because of negative reinforcement.Drive TheoryA drive is an individual aspect that causes a behaviou ral change such that the individual is confident of attaining the objective (Eccles, & Wigfield, 2002). The desire, which acts as the drive for attaining the goal can either be external or internal within the person. For instance, during starvation a person is compelled by the force of being hungry to seek food. The drive will only be relaxed after the individual has accessed food and he or she is no longer hungry. Another good illustration of the drive is the desire for sex, which is a biological push that is found in all animals because it is a hormonal controlled system in the body. Depending on the hormonal level in the animal, the drive would either be surfeit or low. This shows that the drive theory proposes that intrinsic factors are the major forces that make motivation possible. Therefore, the drive theory is rooted in the escapism and seeking models because it is what develops the drive in a person (Guay, et al., 2010). This theory can be analysed from a military point w here the main drive is search for peace where an individual is motivated not to stop functioning at his/her best until peace is realised (Horn & Walker, 2008).Cognitive Dissonance TheoryThis theory proposes that cognitive dissonance results after an individual becomes uncomfortable based on the opinion of people around him and what he /she believes in (Eccles, & Wigfield, 2002). For example, when a consumer buys an item, it is common knowledge that the item provides him/her the desired satisfaction. However, if the consumer prefers another item for the same purpose shows that the value of that item is not consistent with the view of the consumer. Consequently, this theory highlights that people are forced to become motivated in the hope to reducing dissonance. This can be achieved through changing their attitudes, beliefs, mitigating, blaming, rejecting or actions in fear of facing the inconsistencies resulting from mental strain (Guay, et al., 2010). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Based on the analysis of the above theories, motivation can either be internal or external depending on how and where it is applied. Intrinsic motivation is a determination to perform in an individual that is driven by personal interest or enjoyment of the role given. It forms an important element of cognitive, societal and physical development of a person in the organisation (Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999). In this regard, intrinsic motivation does not rely on external factors or reward for it to be nurtured in an individual. This is a very important form of motivation in the military since it gives them a sense of purpose even when the situation they are facing is life threatening (Horn & Walker, 2008). On the other hand, external motivation also known as extrinsic motivation is a managerial tool whereby a certain activity is performed with an aim to realise a desirable outcome. Thus, it is a dependant of the external factors that would drive the desire to become a will through giving reward or other forms of incentives (Eccles, & Wigfield, 2002). Competition is considered a major ingredient in developing extrinsic motivation among a group of people. Competition in the military can be cultivated through development of reward system which can be in monetary form or grade (Eccles, & Wigfield, 2002). The disadvantage of embracing this form of motivation is that it may lead to over justification, which has a devastating effect to the overall intrinsic motivation level created in an individual (Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999). Furthermore, external motivation in the military can be created through threats. This is common during military training where, only those who display the ability to train hard and pass all the hurdles graduate to become soldiers. For the case of those who are reluctant, they are punished by being dropped from the graduating lot. As a result, all the recruits strive to attain the requirements to qualify for graduation. Leadership and Management in the military Leadership is a social ability that a person uses to influence others in a community or an organisation (Bonnie, 2008). Through the social ability, the person is able to win the support of the majority. When an individual assumes the leadership of a group or an organisation, he becomes responsible for attaining a desired goal. There are several forms of leadership that does not depend on the formal education of a person. However, leadership can also be natural or acquired. The major role of a leader as in the case of the military is to give directions on certain matters affecting a group so as to avoid conflict among its members (Bonnie, 2008). The only similarity between a manager and a leader is that they are both tasked with ensuring the success of an organisation (Udge, 2002). The manager is responsible for administration while a leader creates ideas. Therefore, a manager can be made, but a leadership is natural. Managers are supposed to implement all the structures while a leader is more concerned with its constituents. Managers are more concerned with systems while to a leader the constituents are given the first priority. A new economy manager is tasked with nurturing the skills of workers and motivating the workers to produce results, but a leader is ensures that there is efficiency (Udge, 2002). From this analysis, it is evident that military organizations operate with leaders and not managers due to the uniqueness of the military work environment (Horn & Walker, 2008). Furthermore, the differences between a manager and a leader can be reconciled through defining the roles of each person (Foti, 2007). The difference between a manager and a leader has made many people think of leadership as the ability to deliver results. When a manager is able to handle his workers properly, then the result is a good performance of the organisation. Also, a leader’s success is measured on how he/she is able to change the well- being of his constituents. Therefore, both leadership and management is measured in terms of success.Qualities of an effective leader in a military organisationA learning organisation is a setup that promotes a continuous state of acquiring knowledge and skills within an organisation (Shannon, 2002). The learning process can be both beneficial and disastrous depending on the learning program itself. However, in other cases an individual can learn, but fail to disseminate this information to others in the organisation. As such, the basis to which learning can be promoted depends on the leadership skills and capabilities. Learning is a process that involves the transfer of information, and it greatly depends on whoever is mandated with disseminating the information (Foti, 2007). The first effective quality of a military leader is to have good communication skills. A good communicator will enable learning because the information will be relayed to the desired audience properly. Another quality of an effective military leader is the ability to embrace teamwork (Foti, 2007). The team spirit is the determining factor for the success of learning because through teamwork it is possible to consider both the strength and weakness of an individual military officer. More so, a good military leader should be able to anticipate change in the organisation to facilitate the process. In addition, other important qualities of an effective military leader include: knowledge about organising meetings, interest, a positive attitude, commitment, the ability to maintain confidentiality, the ability to adapt and function in times of uncertainty, the ability to plan and set goals effectively, honesty, a high character, enthusiasm, patience, and logic (Cromwell, 2004).Leadership strategies and Organizational LearningLeadership strategies are an important tool in organisational learning because it ensures the direction adopted by an organization will ensure full realization of th e organization’s objectives. Military heads need to develop effective leadership strategies that will form a framework to realising positive outcomes during the learning process. The most important leadership strategies in promoting staff motivation are organisational culture and leadership style (Cromwell, 2004). Organisational culture is a supposition that exists between staff and leaders in a military organisation that help to attain positive organizational performance (Shannon, 2002). It is a leadership strategy because it outlines the responsibility of an officer in the military institution. For instance, if the organisational culture is networked with high sociability and high solidarity, then it will facilitate teamwork; this gives the organisational learning a positive outcome because the information will be shared amongst the members (Shannon, 2002). On the other hand, if the culture is fragmented with low solidarity, then it encourages individualism hence it can lead to negative outcomes because there is no sharing of information (Shannon, 2002). Therefore, the leadership style adopted by the management determines the effectiveness of a military organization. A style that is all inclusive is likely to lead to a positive performance outcome because it allows brainstorming and sharing of information. However, segregated leadership style is likely to result to negative performance outcomes in an organization because the followers do not interact with the leaders limiting the level of motivation in the organization.Qualities a leader exhibits that may hinder the learning process in a military organizationThe success of the learning process depends on the qualities of the military leader in that the qualities may promote or hinder the learning process (Horn & Walker, 2008). There are several qualities of a leader that may hinder learning, including poor communication skills, negative attitude, lack of interest, failure to maintain confidentiality, dishonesty and an impatient leader (Cromwell, 2004). It is worth identifying the implications of these qualities for a leader in the process of cultivating a learning environment in an organization. Poor communication may result in a situation whereby the leader cannot disseminate the correct information effectively. As such, either the information is misrepresented or misunderstood. Having a negative attitude towards something makes an individual to become less committed to the learning process (Cromwell, 2004). A good leader should be fully committed to the activities involved in learning at all costs to ensure that all information is disseminated properly to the intended persons as it is a major tool that promotes motivation among military personnel. The organisation information requires a lot of confidentiality. For example, some members of a military unit may find it hard to learn in a team especially on professional issues. This information should be treated as confidential by the leader so as not to expose such persons.The role of ethics in the decision-making process in military organizationsEthics is personal attribute that helps an individual to effectively execute his responsibilities in a unified way (Shannon, 2002). Decision making is an inevitable aspect of leadership that ensures the smooth running of processes within a military organization. A poor decision making process leads to unwanted results that may have detrimental effects to the organisation (Cromwell, 2004). Therefore, ethics play a role in critical thinking to ensure that decisions made effective and ethically acceptable in the organization. Since ethics is an individual belief, it determines the way an individual would respond to a certain situation because it gives the basis through which the thought will be propagated. According to Shannon (2002), â€Å"moral philosophy can be summed up in three approaches: materialism, utilitarianism, and deontology† (p. 271). Therefore, the decision making capability of an individual depends on the moral approach. In decision making, an individual’s personal ethics can deter making substantive decisions even where there are options available. For instance, sometimes leaders are forced to a make decision whose impacts greatly satisfy their self-interest. Take the example of a politician who promises to implement safety rules in the passenger service vehicles. As much as this is a decision that would affect the entire population positively, ethical issues may arise if the politician makes it mandatory to buy safety belts from a specified company for his/her own vested interests.Effects of using a systems perspective in decisions makingDecisions in a military organisation can be both constructive and destructive. Therefore, the decision making process should be bound by organisational and leadership systems that limit the extent to which the decision can be altered with regard to the organizational objectives, vision and culture (Shannon, 2002). When a decision is not made on a system perceptive, it is likely to lead to conflicts within the organisation. For instance, members of a military organisation are bound by the culture and objectives of the organisation that are specific to that organisation (Horn & Walker, 2008). Most military organizations have an elaborate mechanism for decision making that ensure that all the interests of the stakeholders are considered in the decision. More so, organizational decision making mechanism serves as a control measure that ensures the decisions made by the leadership do not promote self interests, but the objectives of the organisation in general (Cromwell, 2004). Conflicts will always develop in cases where decisions are made without abiding to the organizations system’s perspective. This is a major demotivating factor in military settings (Horn & Walker, 2008). This occurs mainly when a leader makes a decision that is based on his self interest. For example, tendering is a vital exercise within a military organisation that is affected by decision making. Individuals holding power in such an organisation have the ability to influence the tendering process in their favour. In such a case, the tender may be awarded to a bidder who does not meet the required qualifications specified in the systems perspective. This would lead to a situation where the work done is shoddy, or the organisation pays more for low qualit y services. Employment Relationship and its application in the military setting The term ‘employment-relationship’ is transposable with others when describing aspects of the general relationship between the leaders and the staff in an organization.According to Kaufman (2004), this relationship basically describes the exchange of work by employees for pay from employers. The role of a well defined and productive employment relationship is to equitably lead the various employer worker relationships in an organisation and resolve conflicts within the organisation (Kaufman, 2004). As such, several employees have developed a psychological contract with their employers. Breaching the developed psychological contract has negative implication to the business because loyalty, motivation and commitment of the workers is greatly reduced (Hodgkinson, 2003). The goal of most military organizations is to developing an effective production mechanism to promote the output level. This is achieved if there is an elaborate employment relationship within such an organisation. Most successful organizations have a well established Human Resource Management department which is in charge of the employment relationship. This department has been obliged with the responsibility of monitoring the employment relationship and both internal and external factors that affect it. According to Gospel and Palmer (1993), employment relationship is an economic, social and political association in which employees provide labour for an accepted reward by the employer. Thus, a successful employment relationship must be formulated using a psychological contract that is developed in the mutual agreement between the employer and the employee. On the other hand, Lewis and his colleagues (2003) define employment relationship as an economic, legal, social, psychological and political relationship where employees dedicate their time and expertise experience to the best interest of the employer in exchange of a varied range of rewards in terms of personal financial and non-financial gains. Therefore, the application of effective employee relationship management in the military context as a motivational tool requires in-depth analysis of the employee to ensure hi/she is highly motivated.Social incentives and motivation in the militaryThe workplace happiness is one of the ma jor factors that contribute largely to the success of a leader. Every leader has a unique role to play in order to ensure that all the staff is happy at the workplace so that they can become productive. David (2012) found out that workers’ productivity is significantly higher when an employee is attached to friends who are more able. Perks, monetary rewards and social incentives have been widely used as approaches of enhancing workplace happiness and hence staff motivation (David, 2012). However, the perks and monetary rewards have an insignificant effect in promoting motivation in the current organizational environment (Deci et al., 1999). According to the Harvard business review, perks and monetary rewards do not promote happiness, but instead they promote a culture of entitlement (David, 2012). However, monetary terms can be used for those workers under the piece rate terms as a social incentive. This results to a complex situation when analysing leadership approaches that are founded on followers’ motivation. Social recognition is a leadership tool where positive relationship is maintained at the workplace through acknowledging and rewarding employees’ achievements (David, 2012). This is an important tool because it enables employees to celebrate their success thus improving their work experience. There is a social pressure created among the employees when he or she is given credit of an outstanding work. Additionally, other workers are also forced to compete for the social recognition thus promoting productivity. The idea of social recognition sets to bring about the intrinsic motivation aspect that makes the worker productive. Moreover, it helps the workers build a corporate culture and advance personal legacy (Robison, 2006). Once the culture is developed at the workplace, then it becomes a long term solution to promoting happiness. As a result, social recognition is a powerful leadership tool in promoting the happiness that can be used as a motivational tool in the military. Th is can be achieved through fostering collaboration, increasing talent retention and productivity and reinforcing the corporate culture of the military organisation (Rath & Clifton, 2004). Collaboration at the workplace is a sure way of motivating the workers because it satisfies the social recognition of that particular worker. This can be achieved through allowing praise and recognition to become public at the workplace so that those who are praised feel appreciated (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). Perks and monetary enumerations do not promote happiness because they do not promote the intrinsic factors that spur contentment. A worker would only work to get into the next job group to get the enumeration, but this does not mean he or she is contented. Collaboration rewards the best out of a pool of workers thus making the individual blissful because it creates friendship within the departments. On the other hand, collaboration can be used to facilitate the distribution of workers ability that has a positive effect to the firm’s aggregate performance. Thus, the use social incentives by the management promotes sustained productivity as opposed to monetary motivationa l packages which have limits. Furthermore, staff motivation can be realized through increasing talent retention and productivity (Robison, 2006). Different employees have different capabilities, and those with the best abilities should be retained as much as possible. This is because such employees work hard for the company to realise its goals. The productivity level of such workers becomes better when they are offered an opportunity to enhance their ability and realise their full potential. Additionally, talent retention saves the organization extra cost of recruiting and training new employees. Moreover, the morale of workers is maintained at high levels in an institution where workers with good talents are retained for a longer period (Rath & Clifton, 2004). This is because such workers feel recognised and happy about their role at the workplace. Tapping into the talent and ability of an individual is a motivational aspect that makes the employee work more to obtain innovations. In this way, the employee sets to gain in developing the career and monetary incentives where talent has led to important innovations. Additionally, motivation can be realised through reinforcing the military operational culture because it gives the workers an opportunity to share the success story within the organisation (Horn & Walker, 2008). Success is not automatically inclined to organizational infrastructure, but the extent of the human capital. This is evaluated in terms of how comfortable and content the staff is as they are more productive when contented with the work and the environment. Therefore, leaders have the responsibility of motivating the workers, and this can be achieved through establishing peer-peer programs that develop a shared culture (Robison, 2006). A strong culture will give the workers an opportunity to become more productive in their duties. More so, culture develops a network that is capable of attracting competent employees across the board to improve the performance and effectiveness of an organization in general (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). Leadership Style and staff Motivation in the military Leadership style is significant to determine the level of motivation to the staff in the military. This is because during the entire life of a person, his or her ambitions keep on changing depending on the needs and the environment (Shannon, 2002). Therefore, the leadership style under which an individual works is a clear catalyst of motivation because it provides the social incentive as well as environmental settings that define the ambitions of the followers. Further, it has been realised that command-and-control leadership reduces ambition while worker responsibility increases ambition. As such, the leadership style should focus on developing ambition because it is a major motivating factor for specified job requirements (Udge, 2002) such as the military job. For instance, a military leadership style that is based on minimal supervision enables the staff to be motivated to trust their decisions. In this case, the workers have decision making responsibilities which make the whole team to be motivated to work. Consequently, where the leadership style offers both limited supervision and worker responsibility in decision making, the leader should consider goal, reward and recognition as motivation (Lewis et al., 2003). On the contrast, where the leadership style is highly supervised and command-and- control, there should be peer, authority, threat or fear motivation. Here, the motivation will be to be like others, adherence to policy and resist change. This means that there is high status quo dependency, and obviously the leadership style focuses on resisting change. As such, there is low efficiency as compared to the other forms of leadership. Conclusion Motivation is a central aspect of effective military leadership since it not only guarantees performance within a military organization but also ensures sustained effectiveness of the staff (Horn & Walker, 2008). Social incentives play an important role in leadership success in an organisation. It develops the intrinsic motivation that makes the military officers highly productive. Where monetary incentives are used, maintaining motivation among the staff becomes hard since they work towards increasing their income. Social recognition, collaboration, talent retention and productivity and reinforcing the shared culture are the social incentives that can be used to motivate military personnel. However, friendship at the workplace should be upheld as it fosters learning among the officers and it also makes it easy to identify small problems at the work place. Therefore, in the case of military training together in one country, there is a need for leadership efficiency. As such, motivat ion should only be extended to social recognition, collaboration, talent retention and productivity and reinforcing the shared culture. References Bonnie, G., 2008. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Cromwell, S., 2004. An examination of work-environment support factors affecting transfer of supervisory skills training to the workplace. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(4), 449-71. David, B., 2012. Social recognition or perks: Which is a better incentive in the workplaceHarvard Business Review. Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M., 1999. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A., 2002. Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 109–132. Foti, R.J., 2007. Pattern and variable approaches in leadership emergence and effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(2), 347-355. Gospel, H. & Palmer, G., 1993. British industrial relations. London, UK: Mansell Publishing Limited. Guay, F., Chanal, J., Ratelle, C. F., Marsh, H. W., Larose, S., & Boivin, M., 2010. Intrinsic, identified, and controlled types of motivation for school subjects in young elementary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(4), 711–735. Hoffmann, S., 2007. Classical Motivation Theories – Similarities and Differences between them. Munchen: GRIN Verlag Hodgkinson, A., 2003. Gender, part-time employment and employee participation in Australian workplaces. Employee Relations 24 (2), 129–150. Horn, B. & Walker, W. R. (2008).The Military Leadership Handbook. Hamilton, ON: Dundurn Kaufman, B. E., 2004. Theoretical Perspectives on Work and the Employment Relationship, Industrial Relations Research Association. Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. & Saunders, M., 2003. Understanding employment relations. New York, NY: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Nahapiet, J. & Ghoshal, S., 1998. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the Organisational advantage. Academy of Management Review, Retrieved May 23, 2011 from http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~vwschow/lectures/ism3620/rp01.pdf Rath, T. & Clifton, D.O., 2004. The power of praise and recognition. Gallup Management Journal, Retrieved May 23, 2011 from http://gmj.gallup.com/content/12157/power-praise-recognition.aspx. Robison, J., 2006. In praise of praising your employees. Gallup Management Journal, Retrieved May 23, 2011 from http://gmj.gallup.com/content/25369/Praise-Praising-Your-Employees.aspx Shannon, B., 2002. Elite Executives in Issues Management: The Role of Ethical Paradigms in Decision Making. Journal of Public Affairs 2(4): 270-283. Udge, T.A., 2002. Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(7), 765-780.